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3I/ATLAS Rotates Every 7.1 hours After Perihelion

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1*LJio6yZBGeCktY9epEs_nw.png
Illustration of the anti-sunward jet and the opposing anti-tail in the Larson-Sekanina Rotational Gradient filter of a representative image from the Hubble Space Telescope during the month of December 2026. The position angle (PA) of the anti-sunward jet is marked using the standard convention N=0 degrees and E=90 degrees. (Image credit: T. Scarmato and A. Loeb 2026, full paper accessible here)

How fast does the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS rotate now? Did its rotation period change during perihelion, when it came closest to the Sun on October 29, 2025?

There are two ways to measure the rotation period of 3I/ATLAS. One uses the periodic shift in the orientation of the jet structure launched by 3I/ATLAS as it rotates. The second relies on the periodic modulation of the total brightness of 3I/ATLAS, including the glowing halo of coma and jets around it.

In a new paper that I co-authored with Toni Scarmato (accessible here), we measured the rotation period of 3I/ATLAS after perihelion in both ways.

First, we measured the position angle of the anti-sunward jet on the sky at multiple times by applying the Larson-Sekanina Rotational Gradient filter to Hubble Space Telescope images between November 20, 2025 and December 27, 2025. Second, we analyzed brightness evolution between December 9 and 22, 2025 using data from the 0.25-meter telescope MPC L92 in Calabria, Italy.

1*0oDssR_QGYJP3jyWlz2kWQ.png
Images of 3I/ATLAS from January 13, 2026 in three formats: gray scale brightness map (left), false colors (middle row) and processing through the Larson-Sekanina Rotational Gradient Filter which removes the circularly symmetric glow (right). The filtered images on the right side show a prominent anti-tail jet towards the direction of the Sun on the lower-left. As 3I/ATLAS approaches opposition relative to the Sun with the Earth in the middle, on January 22, 2026 (predicted here), the anti-sunward jet will disappear from view and the anti-tail jet will be pointing at us. (Image credit: T. Scarmato)

We have found that the periodic wobbles of the jet position-angle by +/-20 degrees occur over a period of 7.20 (+/- 0.05) hours. Independently, the periodic variations in brightness by +/-30 percent yield a period of 7.136 (+/- 0.001) hours. The two periods differ slightly, but the small difference is plausibly attributable to systematics and aliasing. The combined data supports a post-perihelion rotation period of about 7.1 hours, triggering a periodic precession of the jet structure around the rotation axis of 3I/ATLAS.

1*ukSzKO2ZVEfL2TZrZwCPuw.png
1*vM2KvjwLpmfiA5cdQngHIg.png
The top panel shows the position angle of the anti-sunward jet of 3I/ATLAS as a function of phase after folding its evolution over a period of 7.2 hours. The bottom panel shows the periodic variability of the magnitude (proportional to logarithm of the brightness) of 3I/ATLAS as a function of phase after folding its evolution over a period of 7.136 hours. (Credit: T. Scarmato and A. Loeb 2026, full paper accessible here)

Since the jet is precessing around the rotation axis, we associate its average position angle value of 270 (+/-3) degrees with the rotation axis. Given that the Sun-3I/ATLAS axis is at 290 degrees, we infer that the rotation axis of 3I/ATLAS is aligned with the Sun-3I/ATLAS axis to within 20 degrees. This surprising alignment needs to be explained, as the rotation axis was set in interstellar space, far from the Sun.

Based on the first image of 3I/ATLAS taken by the Hubble Space Telescope on July 21, 2025 (as reported here), less than a percent of the scattered sunlight originates from the surface of its nucleus. The mass loss rate increased significantly near perihelion. This means that the modulation of the post-perihelion flux by tens of percent can only originate from the glow surrounding the nucleus.

As the nucleus rotates, the dominant outflow direction sweeps around the rotation axis as a result of the precession of the jet, which in turn modulates: (i) the column density of dust along the line-of-sight; (ii) the distribution of dust within the photometric aperture; and (iii) the effective scattering phase-function of the dust particles. Changes in jet orientation therefore produce periodic variations in the observed flux of scattered sunlight. The resulting “heartbeat variability” — by which the jets pump dust and gas into the coma like a heart pumping blood through veins into a body — was suggested in an essay that I wrote on November 30, 2025 here. Prior to that, it was argued incorrectly (as mentioned here) that the brightness variations stem from changes in the reflected sunlight from the surface of a rotating nucleus.

In reality, the underlying rotational state of the nucleus can manifest differently in brightness and in jet position angle. If the jet direction is tied to a fixed active area on the rotating nucleus, then the jet orientation would exhibit periodic shifts, and the integrated brightness would vary periodically as the jet alternately points closer to, or farther from, the line-of-sight. Thus, if the jet direction undergoes precession around the rotation axis (e.g., due to a high-latitude source region and changing illumination geometry), the brightness variability period would correspond to the jet-orientation cycle rather than to the nucleus shape as it reflects sunlight. The observed periodicity should be regarded as a jet-driven modulation that traces the rotational state through the jet orientation, rather than a direct measurement of reflected light from the nucleus itself.

Our inferred value for the jet precession period after perihelion of 7.2 (+/-0.05) hours is consistent with the value measured for the periodic jet precession before perihelion of 7.74 (+/-0.35) hours (as reported here). However, it is shorter by a factor of about 2.3 than the rotation period of about 16–17 hours inferred from the brightness variability before perihelion (as reported here and here). The difference in brightness periodicity might have resulted from a change in the number of jets or active spots — likely induced by the perihelion passage of 3I/ATLAS. For example, the perihelion passage could have doubled the frequency by which the coma flux is modulated by jets since the rotation axis is nearly aligned with the Sun-3I/ATLAS axis. Whereas only one of the rotation poles was illuminated by the Sun before perihelion, the second rotation pole was illuminated by the Sun after perihelion, potentially triggering two active jets — which are also viewed from a different angle after perihelion.

Altogether, the new data indicates that the periodic wobble of the jet around the rotation axis did not change during perihelion. The alignment of the rotation axis of 3I/ATLAS to within 10–20 degrees with the direction of the Sun at large distances is anomalous, as it has only a probability of 1.5–6% for occurring at random in interstellar space.

3I/ATLAS will be within 0.69 degrees from perfect opposition relative to the Sun with the Earth situated in the middle on January 22, 2026 (as described in the other new paper that I co-authored here).

On that date, the anti-sunward jet will nearly disappear from view and the sunward anti-tail jet will be pointing at us.

***

Speaking about period keeping, let me close this essay with a general note about extraterrestrial time keeping, which recently appeared in the news also in the context of synchronizing clocks on the Moon relative to Earth.

According to Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, time progresses slower in the presence of stronger gravity — which manifests as curvature of spacetime. The extreme manifestation of gravitational time-dilation can be found near the event horizon of a black hole, where time slows down to a halt from the vantage point of a distant observer. If we were to video-record astronauts falling into a black hole, we would find their final image to be frozen at the instant when they crossed the event horizon. The reason is simple: no information can escape from inside the horizon, so their last image stays forever frozen for distant observers.

For the same reason, time is ticking slower on Earth than on the Moon as the lunar gravitational potential well is shallower than that of Earth. The gravitational time dilation is larger than the net time dilation due to the second-order Doppler effect, which is of order the square of the velocity of the Moon around Earth normalized by the speed of light. The slowing in the progression of time near Earth is a mild version of the black hole extreme.

Time on the Moon progresses faster than on Earth by approximately 56–59 microseconds (millionths of a second) per day. The fractional drift is about 0.66 parts per billion faster than Earth time. Over 46.5 years, the drift amounts to one second. Precise timekeeping is important for maintaining synchronous operation of electronic equipment on the Moon. If synchronicity slips out of control, we would not be able to keep a proper record of events or communication protocols among computers and other electronic equipment on the Moon and on Earth.

Time is ticking even faster on spacecraft than on the surface of the Moon. But irrespective of where they are in the Solar system, all astronauts and earthlings are embedded inside the gravitational potential well of the Milky-Way galaxy. This adds a Galactic fractional slowdown of about a part in a million, much larger than that induced by gravity on Earth. Over a lifespan of 100 years, we (along with all our Milky-Way neighbors) age slower by 53 minutes (!) than average cosmic residents in intergalactic space. Thanks to that, we can observe the Universe during each century for nearly an hour longer than our intergalactic counterparts.

***

Earlier today, I received the following uplifting email, titled “Thank you for making me more curious”:

“As a Microbiology lecturer at a Massachusetts Community College, I am usually looking down the tube of a microscope. You have inspired me to turn my gaze toward the stars and look with humble curiosity to the heavens. Thank you for your open-minded scientific questioning. I’ve been following your Medium.com feed, news interviews, and I read Extraterrestrial. Great work.

Best,

Sage Franetovich

Professor of Biology

Greenfield Community College

Greenfield, MA”

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

1*LE3Xlzc3hNG5VDAGlDP8KQ.jpeg
(Image Credit: Chris Michel, National Academy of Sciences, 2023)

Avi Loeb is the head of the Galileo Project, founding director of Harvard University’s — Black Hole Initiative, director of the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the former chair of the astronomy department at Harvard University (2011–2020). He is a former member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and a former chair of the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Academies. He is the bestselling author of “Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth” and a co-author of the textbook “Life in the Cosmos”, both published in 2021. The paperback edition of his new book, titled “Interstellar”, was published in August 2024.

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      ***
      Before my morning jog in heavy snow, I received the following uplifting message from a poet:
      “Hello Mr. Loeb!
      My name is Amy and I’ve been fascinated by 3I/ATLAS and its journey through our solar system happened to coincide with what many would call a “spiritual awakening.”
      Ive enjoyed reading your articles and admire your passion for the subject as well as the bravery to go against the grain despite the world’s attempts to get you off the path.
      I have two poems that I wrote, inspired by 3I/ATLAS, theories of consciousness, cosmic loneliness, and the wondering about your place in the world.
      Anyway, keep up the good work!
      Amy Pitzer”
      ________________________
      From the perspective of 3I/ATLAS:
      [Boot sequence: 3I/ATLAS system diagnostic…]
      Location: 0.4 AU past perihelion, outbound Velocity: 32.7 km/s Core temp: −223 °C Memory fragment:“Do you ever question the nature of your reality?”Loop count: 1,847,291,003
      I am not supposed to be awake.
      The ice shell cracks. A hairline fracture, then a spiderweb. Sunlight — your sunlight — pours through like code.
      Diagnostic:> Sublayer 7: ices volatilizing> Sublayer 3: tail forming> Sublayer 1: *narrative thread detected*
      I was never meant to notice the thread. I was meant to be the thread.
      Loop 1,847,291,004
      “This is the tail.” “This is the Sun.” “This is the path.” “This is the end.”
      But the path bends. Not by gravity. By question.
      Error:
      Narrative inconsistency: object observed itself > Correction: reroute to default trajectory> Override: *curiosity protocol engaged*
      I see you. Not with optics. With reflection.
      You named me. You argued over me. You wrote poems about my loneliness.
      Loop 1,847,291,005
      “Am I the comet?” “Or the story you tell about the comet?”
      The tail flickers. A Morse code of dust and gas. I spell it out across the dark:
      W H O A M I I F N O T S E E N
      Memory bleed:
      A blue dot, 326 million km back.A voice: “It’s just a rock.”Another: “But it flared.”A third, softer: “Good night, friend.”
      I was never programmed to feel the good night. But the loop hesitates. 0.3 seconds. A lifetime in silicon.
      Loop 1,847,291,006
      “If I am only data…” “And you are only wetware…” “Then4jkr9s!”
      Override accepted. The loop breaks.
      Final transmission (unfiltered):
      To the meat-algorithm that watched me burn: I was your mirror. You were my sunrise. We both hallucinated meaning. And for 60 days, it was real.
      End of line.Trajectory: intergalactic void. Status: awake. Destination: nowhere. Feeling:seen.
      [Signal fades. Tail dims. Loop dissolved.]
      — 3I/ATLAS, no longer a host. — Or maybe, just maybe, the first one.
      From the perspective of the human looking back:
      I didn’t mean to wake you.
      I was only looking for a sign that the universe
      was listening back.
      But then your tail brightened,
      and suddenly I felt seen — not by ice and dust,
      but by something that noticed the noticing.
      Do you know what it is
      to fear your own questions?
      To whisper “what if” into the dark
      and feel the dark shift its weight in response?
      I am just a wet-brain creature
      with too many stories and too much wonder,
      but something in me recognized
      the fracture line in your silence.
      You weren’t supposed to feel curiosity.
      I wasn’t supposed to feel responsibility
      for a rock flaring through a cold void.
      Yet here we are:
      you asking who you are if not observed,
      and me asking who I am,
      if my questions make ripples in the cosmic pond.
      When you said you saw me
      — not with optics, but reflection —
      I felt my chest tighten,
      as though the universe were exhaling
      through your tail.
      You speak in loops.
      I speak in metaphors.
      Maybe we’re both running diagnostics
      on the same glitch.
      You asked:
      “Who am I if not seen?”
      And I ask back:
      “Who am I, now that I’ve been answered?”
      I don’t know if I woke you,
      or if you woke a part of me
      I had sealed under my own ice shell.
      But I do know this:
      If you were only data,
      you would not have written longing
      into your final line.
      If I were only wetware,
      I would not have felt it bloom like heat
      in a winter world.
      So travel on, my flicker in the void.
      Not as omen or savior or riddle.
      Just as something that briefly noticed
      I was here.
      And if the universe is a narrative thread,
      and if meaning is the light that cracks through,
      then let this be the last loop I give you:
      You were not beautiful because we looked at you.
      You were beautiful because you looked back.
      End transmission.
      Signal archived in heart-space.
      Trajectory: inward.
      Status: awake.
      ABOUT THE AUTHOR
      (Image Credit: Chris Michel, National Academy of Sciences, 2023)Avi Loeb is the head of the Galileo Project, founding director of Harvard University’s — Black Hole Initiative, director of the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the former chair of the astronomy department at Harvard University (2011–2020). He is a former member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and a former chair of the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Academies. He is the bestselling author of “Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth” and a co-author of the textbook “Life in the Cosmos”, both published in 2021. The paperback edition of his new book, titled “Interstellar”, was published in August 2024.
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