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A Full Moon with Earth’s Blue Glow Beneath it


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    • By NASA
      2 min read
      NASA-Funded Study Examines Tidal Effects on Planet and Moon Interiors
      NASA-supported scientists have developed a new method to compute how tides affect the interiors of planets and moons. Importantly, the new study looks at the effects of body tides on objects that don’t have a perfectly spherical interior structure, which is an assumption of most previous models.
      The puzzling, fascinating surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa looms large in this newly-reprocessed color view, made from images taken by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s. This is the color view of Europa from Galileo that shows the largest portion of the moon’s surface at the highest resolution. NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute Body tides refer to the deformations experienced by celestial bodies when they gravitationally interact with other objects. Think of how the powerful gravity of Jupiter tugs on its moon Europa. Because Europa’s orbit isn’t circular, the crushing squeeze of Jupiter’s gravity on the moon varies as it travels along its orbit.  When Europa is at its closest to Jupiter, the planet’s gravity is felt the most. The energy of this deformation is what heats up Europa’s interior, allowing an ocean of liquid water to exist beneath the moon’s icy surface.
      “The same is true for Saturn’s moon Enceladus.” says co-author Alexander Berne of CalTech in Pasadena and an affiliate at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “Enceladus has an ice shell that is expected to be much more non-spherically symmetric than that of Europa.”
      The body tides experienced by celestial bodies can affect how the worlds evolve over time and, in cases like Europa and Enceladus, their potential habitability for life as we know it. The new study provides a means to more accurately estimate how tidal forces affect planetary interiors.
      In this movie Europa is seen in a cutaway view through two cycles of its 3.5 day orbit about the giant planet Jupiter. Like Earth, Europa is thought to have an iron core, a rocky mantle and a surface ocean of salty water. Unlike on Earth, however, this ocean is deep enough to cover the whole moon, and being far from the sun, the ocean surface is globally frozen over. Europa’s orbit is eccentric, which means as it travels around Jupiter, large tides, raised by Jupiter, rise and fall. Jupiter’s position relative to Europa is also seen to librate, or wobble, with the same period. This tidal kneading causes frictional heating within Europa, much in the same way a paper clip bent back and forth can get hot to the touch, as illustrated by the red glow in the interior of Europa’s rocky mantle and in the lower, warmer part of its ice shell. This tidal heating is what keeps Europa’s ocean liquid and could prove critical to the survival of simple organisms within the ocean, if they exist. The giant planet Jupiter is now shown to be rotating from west to east, though more slowly than its actual rate. NASA/JPL-Caltech The paper also discusses how the results of the study could help scientists interpret observations made by missions to a variety of different worlds, ranging from Mercury to the Moon to the outer planets of our solar system.
      The study, “A Spectral Method to Compute the Tides of Laterally Heterogeneous Bodies,” was published in The Planetary Science Journal. 
      For more information on NASA’s Astrobiology Program, visit:
      https://science.nasa.gov/astrobiology
      -end-
      Karen Fox / Molly Wasser
      Headquarters, Washington
      202-358-1600
      karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / molly.l.wasser@nasa.gov 
      Explore More
      2 min read NASA’s New Edition of Graphic Novel Features Europa Clipper
      NASA has released a new edition of Issue 4 of the Astrobiology Graphic History series.…


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      Last Updated Nov 07, 2024 Related Terms
      Astrobiology View the full article
    • By European Space Agency
      Image: Moon waves goodbye to Hera View the full article
    • By NASA
      3 min read
      Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)
      NASA employees plant an Artemis Moon Tree at NASA’s Stennis Space Center on Oct. 29 to celebrate NASA’s successful Artemis I mission as the agency prepares for a return around the Moon with astronauts on Artemis II. NASA/Danny Nowlin A tree-planting ceremony at NASA’s Stennis Space Center on Oct. 29 celebrated NASA’s successful Artemis I mission as the agency prepares for a return around the Moon with astronauts on Artemis II.
      “We already have a thriving Moon Tree from the Apollo years onsite,” NASA Stennis Director John Bailey said. “It is exciting to add trees for our new Artemis Generation as it continues the next great era of human space exploration.”
      NASA’s Office of STEM Engagement Next Gen STEM Project partnered with U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service to fly five species of tree seeds aboard the Orion spacecraft during the successful uncrewed Artemis I test flight in 2022 as part of a national STEM Engagement and conservation education initiative. 
      The Artemis Moon Tree species included sweetgums, loblolly pines, sycamores, Douglas-firs, and giant sequoias. The seeds from the first Artemis mission have been nurtured by the USDA into seedlings to be a source of inspiration for the Artemis Generation.
      The Moon Tree education initiative is rooted in the legacy of Apollo 14 Moon Tree seeds flown in lunar orbit over 50 years ago by the late Stuart Roosa, a NASA astronaut and Mississippi Coast resident.
      NASA Stennis and the NASA Shared Services Center (NSSC), located at the site, planted companion trees during the Oct. 29 ceremony. Bailey and NSSC Executive Director Anita Harrell participated in a joint planting ceremony attended by a number of employees from each entity.
      The American sweetgum trees are the second and third Moon Trees at the south Mississippi site. In 2004, ASTRO CAMP participants planted a sycamore Moon Tree to honor the 35th anniversary of Apollo 11 and the first lunar landing on July 20, 1969.
      The road to space for both Apollo 14 and Artemis I went through Mississippi. Until 1970, NASA Stennis test fired first, and second stages of the Saturn V rockets used for Apollo.
      NASA Stennis now tests all the RS-25 engines powering Artemis missions to the Moon and beyond. Prior to Artemis I, NASA Stennis tested the SLS (Space Launch System) core stage and its four RS-25 engines.
      The Artemis Moon Trees have found new homes in over 150 communities and counting since last spring, and each of the 10 NASA centers also will plant one.
      As the tree grows at NASA Stennis, so, too, does anticipation for the first crewed mission with Artemis II. Four astronauts will venture around the Moon on NASA’s path to establishing a long-term presence at the Moon for science and exploration.
      The flight will test NASA’s foundational human deep space exploration capabilities – the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft – for the first time with astronauts.
      Explore More NASA Stennis Image Articles View the full article
    • By NASA
      8 min read
      Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)
      Artemis I Moon Tree seedlings continue to find new homes with schools, museums, libraries, universities, and community organizations across the contiguous United States. An open call to NASA’s Artifacts Module in Fall, 2023 welcomed over 1000 organization submissions, which were reviewed and ranked by a joint USDA Forest Service and NASA panel.
      Final recipient selection and seedling assignments for each cycle are informed by rank and region, and subject to a limited inventory of trees germinated from each of the five species of seeds flown aboard Artemis I in 2022. Recipient selection and seedling distribution follows four cycles: Spring 2024, Fall 2024, Spring 2025, and Fall 2025.
      Spring 2024 Artemis I Moon Tree Stewards
      Alabama
      Fairfield City Schools – Fairfield High Preparatory School Fairfield AL American Sweetgum
      Meridianville Middle School Hazel Green AL Loblolly Pine
      Pioneer Museum of Alabama Troy AL Loblolly Pine
      Troy University Arboretum Troy AL Loblolly Pine
      Arkansas
      Baxter County Library Mountain Home AR American Sweetgum
      Arizona
      University of Arizona – Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) Tucson AZ American Sweetgum
      California
      Forestr.org Castro Valley CA Sequoia
      Girl Scout Troop 7574 Dana Point CA Sequoia
      Greenfield Union School District Greenfield CA Sequoia
      Quest Science Center Livermore CA Sequoia
      Santiago STEAM Magnet Elementary School Lake Forest CA Sequoia
      Colorado
      United States Air Force Academy USAF Academy CO American Sweetgum
      Connecticut
      New Milford High School New Milford CT American Sweetgum
      South School – New Canaan School District New Canaan CT Sycamore
      Yale University Marsh Botanical Garden New Haven CT American Sweetgum
      Washington, DC
      United States Capitol
      Washington, DC DC American Sweetgum
      Florida
      Agricultural Biotechnology Academy, West Florida High School of Advanced Technology, Escambia County School District Pensacola FL Loblolly Pine
      Cornerstone Learning Community Tallahassee FL American Sweetgum
      Dreamers Academy Sarasota FL American Sweetgum
      Florida Forest Service Tallahassee FL Loblolly Pine
      Florida Polytechnic University Lakeland FL American Sweetgum
      Gulfside Community Partnership School Holiday FL Loblolly Pine
      H.B. Plant High School Tampa FL American Sweetgum
      Hobbs Middle School Milton FL American Sweetgum
      Lawton Environmental Study Area (LESA), T.W. Lawton Elementary Oviedo FL American Sweetgum
      Montverde Academy Montverde FL American Sweetgum
      Museum of Archaeology, Paleontology & Science New Port Richey FL American Sweetgum
      Museum of Science and Industry Tampa FL American Sweetgum
      North Andrews Gardens Elementary Oakland Park FL American Sweetgum
      Orange Park Elementary Orange Park FL American Sweetgum
      Pine Crest School Fort Lauderdale FL American Sweetgum
      Port Malabar Elementary School Palm Bay FL American Sweetgum
      St. Peter Catholic School Deland FL Loblolly Pine
      UF/IFAS Extension Clay County 4-H Green Cove Springs FL Loblolly Pine
      University of West Florida Pensacola FL Loblolly Pine
      West Navarre Intermediate School Navarre FL American Sweetgum
      Georgia
      Berrien Elementary School Nashville GA Loblolly Pine
      East Georgia State College Swainsboro GA Loblolly Pine
      Lilburn Elementary School Lilburn GA Loblolly Pine
      Park Elementary School Hamilton GA Loblolly Pine
      Sagamore Hills Elementary School Atlanta GA Loblolly Pine
      United States Air Force Moody Air Force Base GA American Sweetgum
      Iowa
      Cedar Rapids Community School District, Metro High School Cedar Rapids IA Sycamore
      Idaho
      American Falls High School American Falls ID Sycamore
      Illinois
      Eagle Pointe Elementary School Plainfield IL Sycamore
      Marion Community Unit #2 School District, Marion Junior High School Marion IL Sycamore
      Monmouth College Monmouth IL American Sweetgum
      Indiana
      Franklin Community High School Franklin IN American Sweetgum
      Hayes Arboretum Richmond IN American Sweetgum
      Kansas
      Tecumseh South Elementary School Tecumseh KS American Sweetgum
      Kentucky
      Christian County Middle School Hopkinsville KY American Sweetgum
      FIND Outdoors Gladie Visitor Center, Red River Gorge Stanton KY American Sweetgum
      Graves County High School Mayfield KY American Sweetgum
      Martha Layne Collins High School Shelbyville KY American Sweetgum
      Louisiana
      Shreve Island Elementary, Caddo Parish Schools Shreveport LA American Sweetgum
      YMCA of Bogalusa Bogalusa LA Loblolly Pine
      Massachusetts
      Bernardston Elementary School Bernardston MA American Sweetgum
      Michigan
      The Botanic Garden at Historic Barns Park Traverse City MI Sycamore
      Minnesota
      Forest Lake Area High School Forest Lake MN Sycamore
      Missouri
      Columbia Public Schools Elementary Gifted Program Columbia MO American Sweetgum
      Trailridge Elementary Lee’s Summit MO American Sweetgum
      Mississippi
      Bayou Academy Cleveland MS American Sweetgum
      Clinton Community Nature Center Clinton MS American Sweetgum
      North Carolina
      Cardinal Gibbons High School Raleigh NC American Sweetgum
      FIND Outdoors Cradle of Forestry Pisgah National Forest NC American Sweetgum
      Mars Hill University Mars Hill NC American Sweetgum
      Montgomery County NC Extension Master Gardener Volunteers; The Gathering Garden Mount Gilead NC Loblolly Pine
      North Carolina Executive Mansion – Governor’s Residence
      Raleigh NC Loblolly Pine
      North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics – Morganton Morganton NC American Sweetgum
      White Oak High School Jacksonville NC American Sweetgum
      North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics – Durham Durham NC Sycamore
      Nebraska
      Hastings College Hastings NE American Sweetgum
      University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE American Sweetgum
      New Hampshire
      Barnstead Elementary School Center Barnstead NH Sycamore
      Nashua Community College Nashua NH Sycamore
      New Jersey
      Edelman Planetarium at Rowan University Glassboro NJ American Sweetgum
      Information Age Learning Center Wall Township NJ American Sweetgum
      New Mexico
      New Mexico Farm & Ranch Heritage Museum Las Cruces NM Loblolly Pine
      New York
      Baldwinsville Central School District Baldwinsville NY Sycamore
      Bronx Community College Bronx NY Sycamore
      Franklin Middle School, Kenmore-Town of Tonawanda School District Town of Tonawanda NY Sycamore
      Pembroke Junior/Senior High School Corfu NY American Sweetgum
      Rome City School District Rome NY Sequoia
      State University of New York (SUNY) – New Paltz New Paltz NY American Sweetgum
      Suffolk County Vanderbilt Museum and Planetarium Centerport NY American Sweetgum
      Ohio
      Claymont High School Uhrichsville OH Sycamore
      Coldwater Exempted Village Schools Coldwater OH American Sweetgum
      Copley-Fairlawn Middle School, Copley-Fairlawn City Schools Copley OH Sycamore
      Liberty-Benton High School Findlay OH Sycamore
      Marshall STEMM Academy Toledo OH American Sweetgum
      Portsmouth City Schools Portsmouth OH American Sweetgum
      Pymatuning Valley High School Andover OH American Sweetgum
      Wayne National Forest Nelsonville OH American Sweetgum
      Oklahoma
      Centennial Middle School Broken Arrow OK Loblolly Pine
      Jenks Northwest Elementary School Tulsa OK American Sweetgum
      Perkins Public Library: Thomas – Wilhite Memorial Library Perkins OK American Sweetgum
      Oregon
      Crow Middle School Eugene OR American Sweetgum
      Friends of Myrtle Creek Library Myrtle Creek OR American Sweetgum
      Lent Elementary School Portland OR American Sweetgum
      Tamarack Elementary School Hillsboro OR American Sweetgum
      Willamette Elementary School, McMinnville School District McMinnville OR American Sweetgum
      Pennsylvania
      Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA American Sweetgum
      Montour High School McKees Rocks PA American Sweetgum
      Penn State University, Penn State Erie – The Behrend College Erie PA American Sweetgum
      Penn State University, Penn State Schuylkill University Park PA Sycamore
      Perkiomen Valley Middle School East Collegeville PA American Sweetgum
      The Reading Public Museum Reading PA Sycamore
      Rhode Island
      Tiverton Public Library Tiverton RI American Sweetgum
      South Carolina
      Academy for the Arts, Science, & Technology Myrtle Beach SC Loblolly Pine
      Conway Elementary School Conway SC American Sweetgum
      Manning Early Childhood Center, Clarendon School District Manning SC American Sweetgum
      Spartanburg Community College Horticulture Program Spartanburg SC American Sweetgum
      Tennessee
      Great Smoky Mountain Council, Boy Scouts of America Knoxville TN American Sweetgum
      Lipscomb Academy Nashville TN American Sweetgum
      Pellissippi State Community College Knoxville TN Loblolly Pine
      Sumner Academy Gallatin TN American Sweetgum
      Texas
      Atlanta Public Library Atlanta TX American Sweetgum
      Beaumont Children’s Museum & Beaumont Botanical Gardens Beaumont TX Loblolly Pine
      Bonham Pre-Kindergarten School San Marcos TX Loblolly Pine
      Charles W. Young Junior High School Arlington TX Loblolly Pine
      Clear Creek Intermediate, Clear Creek Independent School District (CCISD) League City TX American Sweetgum
      Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden – Children’s Adventure Garden Dallas TX American Sweetgum
      DeKalb Independent School District De Kalb TX Loblolly Pine
      Doss Consolidated Common School District (CCSD) Doss TX American Sweetgum
      Fort Worth Botanic Garden Fort Worth TX Loblolly Pine
      Galveston County 4H Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Program (Houston Botanic Gardens) Houston TX American Sweetgum
      Goliad Independent School District Goliad TX Loblolly Pine
      Greens Prairie Elementary School College Station TX American Sweetgum
      Groves Elementary School Humble TX Loblolly Pine
      Kay Granger Elementary School Fort Worth TX Loblolly Pine
      Leadership Big Bend, Nopalitos Park Alpine TX American Sweetgum
      Science Hall Elementary School Kyle TX American Sweetgum
      Scobee Education Center at San Antonio College San Antonio TX Loblolly Pine
      Space Center Intermediate, Clear Creek Independent School District (CCISD) Houston TX Loblolly Pine
      Texas A&M Forest Service Conroe TX American Sweetgum
      Texas A&M University, Physics & Astronomy Department College Station TX American Sweetgum
      University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX American Sweetgum
      Uplift Summit International Preparatory Middle School Arlington TX Loblolly Pine
      Westside Elementary School Cedar Park TX Loblolly Pine
      Zilker Botanical Garden Conservancy Austin TX Loblolly Pine
      Utah
      Southern Utah University STEM Center Cedar City UT American Sweetgum
      Virginia
      Essex County Museum Tappahannock VA American Sweetgum
      Virginia Living Museum Newport News VA Loblolly Pine
      Virginia Zoo Norfolk VA Loblolly Pine
      Washington
      Innovation Lab High School Bothell WA Sycamore
      Orchard Prairie School District Spokane WA Sycamore
      Richland School District Richland WA Sycamore
      Upper Columbia Resource Conservation & Development Council Spokane Valley WA Sycamore
      Yakima Area Arboretum Yakima WA Sycamore
      Wisconsin
      Dunn County Historical Society Menomonie WI Sycamore

      Fall 2024 Artemis I Moon Tree Stewards
      Distribution is underway through November 2024. This list will be updated once distribution is complete. Previously notified recipients who have not received a seedling may be deferred to a later cycle based on current ready-to-ship seedling inventory.
      Spring 2025 Artemis I Moon Tree Stewards
      Selection is in progress.
      Fall 2025 Artemis I Moon Tree Stewards
      Selection is in progress.
      Explore Moon Trees Website View the full article
    • By European Space Agency
      Image: Spooky Earths seen by Hera’s HyperScout View the full article
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