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NASA Glenn Visits Duluth for Air and Aviation Expo, STEAM Festival
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By NASA
3 min read
Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)
GRX-810 is a new metal alloy developed by NASA for 3D printing parts that can withstand the extreme temperatures of rocket engines, allowing affordable printing of high-heat parts.NASA Until now, additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, of engine components was limited by the lack of affordable metal alloys that could withstand the extreme temperatures of spaceflight. Expensive metal alloys were the only option for 3D printing engine parts until NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, developed the GRX-810 alloy.
The primary metals in the GRX-810 alloy include nickel, cobalt, and chromium. A ceramic oxide coating on the powdered metal particles increases its heat resistance and improves performance. Known as oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys, these powders were challenging to manufacture at a reasonable cost when the project started.
However, the advanced dispersion coating technique developed at Glenn employs resonant acoustic mixing. Rapid vibration is applied to a container filled with the metal powder and nano-oxide particles. The vibration evenly coats each metal particle with the oxide, making them inseparable. Even if a manufactured part is ground down to powder and reused, the next component will have the qualities of ODS.
The benefits over common alloys are significant – GRX-10 could last up to a year at 2,000°F under stress loads that would crack any other affordable alloy within hours. Additionally, 3D printing parts using GRX-810 enables more complex shapes compared to metal parts manufactured with traditional methods.
Elementum 3D, an Erie, Colorado-based company, produces GRX-810 for customers in quantities ranging from small batches to over a ton. The company has a co-exclusive license for the NASA-patented alloy and manufacturing process and continues to work with the agency under a Space Act Agreement to improve the material.
“A material under stress or a heavy load at high temperature can start to deform and stretch almost like taffy,” said Jeremy Iten, chief technical officer with Elementum 3D. “Initial tests done on the large-scale production of our GRX-810 alloy showed a lifespan that’s twice as long as the small-batch material initially produced, and those were already fantastic.”
Commercial space and other industries, including aviation, are testing GRX-810 for additional applications. For example, one Elementum 3D customer, Vectoflow, is testing a GRX-810 flow sensor. Flow sensors monitor the speed of gases flowing through a turbine, helping engineers optimize engine performance. However, these sensors can burn out in minutes due to extreme temperatures. Using GRX-810 flow sensors could improve airplane fuel efficiency, reduce emissions and hardware replacements.
Working hand-in-hand with industry, NASA is driving technology developments that are mutually beneficial to the agency and America’s space economy. Learn more: https://spinoff.nasa.gov/
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Last Updated Aug 15, 2025 Related Terms
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By NASA
3 min read
Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)
Human-rating is a critical certification process that validates the safety, reliability, and suitability of space systems—including orbiters, launch vehicles, rovers, spacesuits, habitats, and other crewed elements—for human use and interaction. This process ensures that systems are designed not only to protect human life but also to accommodate human needs and effectively integrate human capabilities. Human-rating requires that systems can tolerate failures, provide life-sustaining environments, and offer the crew sufficient control and situational awareness. NASA’s standards, such as a maximum allowable probability of loss of crew of 1 in 500 for ascent or descent, reflect the agency’s commitment to minimizing risk in human spaceflight.
Over the decades, the concept of human-rating has evolved significantly. Early efforts focused primarily on basic crew survival and redundancy in critical systems. However, as missions became more complex and extended in duration, the scope of human-rating expanded to include human performance, health management, and the psychological and physiological demands of space travel. Today, human-rating is a multidisciplinary effort that integrates engineering, medical, and operational expertise to ensure that systems are not only survivable but also support optimal human function in extreme environments.
Modern human-rating standards—such as NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 8705.2C, NASA-STD-8719.29 (Technical Requirements for Human-Rating), and NASA-STD-3001 (Human System Standards)—form the foundation of NASA’s approach. These documents emphasize risk-informed design, fault tolerance, human factors engineering, and the ability to recover from hazardous situations. They also provide detailed guidance on system safety, crew control interfaces, abort capabilities, and environmental health requirements. Together, they ensure that human spaceflight systems are designed to accommodate, utilize, and protect the crew throughout all mission phases.
The human-rating certification process is rigorous and iterative. It involves extensive testing, validation, and verification of system performance, including simulations, flight tests, and integrated safety analyses. Certification also requires continuous monitoring, configuration control, and maintenance to ensure that systems remain in their certified state throughout their operational life. Importantly, human-rating is not just a checklist of technical requirements—it represents a cultural commitment to crew safety. It fosters a mindset in which every team member, from design engineers to mission operators, shares responsibility for protecting human life.
To support program and project teams in applying these standards, NASA has conducted cross-reviews of documents like NASA-STD-3001 in relation to NASA-STD-8719.29. These assessments help identify relevant human health and performance requirements that should be considered during system design and development. While not a substitute for detailed applicability assessments, such reviews provide valuable guidance for integrating human-rating principles into mission planning and vehicle architecture.
NASA/Sydney Bergen-Hill Read More About Human Rating Share
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Last Updated Aug 15, 2025 Related Terms
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By Space Force
The Department of the Air Force released additional guidance for implementation of Executive Order 14183, "Prioritizing Military Excellence and Readiness,"
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By NASA
Credit: NASA
As part of the agency’s initiative to return humanity to the Moon and eventually send the first astronaut – an American – to Mars, NASA is surveying industry for interest and feedback on a fission surface power system, through a Request for Information issued Thursday.
Earlier this month, NASA declared its intent to put a nuclear reactor on the Moon by the mid-2030s to support lunar exploration, provide power generation on Mars, and strengthen national security in space.
“Today’s call for industry input is an important step toward engaging the commercial space industry in powering the lunar economy and enabling future human exploration on Mars,” said Steve Sinacore, Fission Surface Power program executive at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland. “Developing a safe, reliable, and efficient power supply is key to unlocking the future of human space exploration and ensuring America retains its dominance in space.”
Building on its previous work, NASA will work with industry to design a fission surface power system that would provide at least 100 kilowatts of electrical power, have a mass allocation of less than 15 metric tons, and use a closed Brayton cycle power conversion system, which converts heat to electricity.
NASA’s new Fission Surface Power effort builds on more than 60 years of agency experience in exploration technology. In 2022, NASA awarded three contracts for fission surface power system concepts for the Moon. In addition, NASA has used nuclear power sources in spacecraft and rovers over the years.
The size, weight, and power capability of fission systems make them an effective continuous power supply regardless of location. Additionally, a nuclear reactor could be placed in lunar regions where sunlight cannot reach and could sustain nights on the Moon which can last more than 14 Earth days near the poles.
Nuclear power is a key element for NASA’s Artemis missions and supporting a robust lunar economy. The Request for Information invites innovators to contribute to this effort, allowing NASA to access industry expertise and bolstering American ingenuity.
Responses to the Request for Information are due Thursday, Aug. 21, and could be used to finalize a potential opportunity later this year.
The Fission Surface Power effort is managed through NASA Glenn. The power system development is funded by the agency’s Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate Moon to Mars Program.
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Last Updated Aug 14, 2025 LocationNASA Headquarters Related Terms
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By NASA
NASA has demonstrated a breakthrough in 3D-printable high-temperature materials that could lead to stronger, more durable parts for airplanes and spacecraft. Credit: NASA/Jordan Salkin NASA’s Inventions and Contributions Board (ICB) has awarded Commercial Invention of the Year to NASA Glenn Research Center’s GRX-810: A 3D Printable Alloy Designed for Extreme Environments.
NASA Alloy GRX–810, an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy, can endure temperatures over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. It is more malleable and can survive more than 1,000 times longer than existing state-of-the-art alloys. This new alloy can be used to build aerospace parts for high-temperature applications, like those inside aircraft and rocket engines, because ODS alloys can withstand harsher conditions before reaching their breaking point.
The NASA Glenn team of inventors includes Dr. Timothy Smith (co-lead), Dr. Christopher Kantzos (co-lead), Robert Carter, and Dr. Michael Kulis.
Four American companies have been granted co-exclusive licenses to produce and market GRX-810 material. All four have replicated NASA Glenn’s patented process and are selling fully coated materials. This benefits the United States economy as a return on investment of taxpayer dollars.
For more information on this technology, visit 3D Printed Alloy and New Material Built to Withstand Extreme Conditions.
The NASA insignia is 3D printed using the GRX-810 superalloy.
Video Credit: NASA/Jordan Salkin
Additionally, the ICB selected NASA Glenn’s High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking (HDTN) project for an honorable mention in the Software of the Year category. HDTN is a protocol suite that extends terrestrial internet principles to the space environment, creating a high-speed data transfer path for spacecraft and different communication systems. It is an optimized version of the DTN standard for high-rate radio frequency and optical links.
The ICB reviews and recommends awards for significant scientific and technical contributions to the agency’s aeronautical and space activities. These awards recognize technologies that not only advance NASA’s mission but also benefit the public through commercialization.
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